Ist Selbstkontrolle wichtiger als Intelligenz?



Noch vor wenigen Jahren waren sich viele Forscher einig: Die mit Abstand wichtigste Voraussetzung für Schul- und Berufserfolg ist eine hohe geistige Leistungsfähigkeit (Intelligenz). Jedoch sind selbst die besten Intelligenztests nicht in der Lage jegliche Varianz aufzuklären. Manch ein hochintelligenter Schüler verlässt das Bildungssystem ohne Abschluss (Underachiever), während ein anderer trotz unterdurchschnittlicher Leistugen im Intelligenztest, einen fantastische akademische Karriere hinlegt (Overachiever).
Neuere Studien (z.B. Duckworth & Seligman, 2005; Moffitt et al. 2011) legen nahe, dass derartige "Unregelmäßigkeiten" vor allem auf den Faktor Selbstkontrolle (auch: Selbstdisziplin, Durchhaltevermögen) zurückzuführen sind.
Erstaunlicherweise erwies sich in manchen Studien die Selbstdisziplin als ein besserer Prädiktor als die Intelligenz...

Keywords:
Intelligenz - Selbstkontrolle - Willensstärke - Durchhaltevermögen - Selbstdisziplin - grit - Angela Duckworth - Martin Seligman - Schüler - Underachiever - Overachiever - Moffit - Neuseeland - Delay of Gratification - Belohnungsaufschub - Marshmallow Experiment - Poropat - Big Five - Five Factor Modell - Gewissenhaft - Verträglich -Neurotizismus - Offenheit - Extraversion

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Studien_Schlaf_Intelligenz_GedächtnisBesprochene Studien:


Text_Link 
Duckworth, A. L. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ predicting academic performance in adolescents. Psychological Science, 16, 939-944.

- 2 Untersuchungen (N = 140, N = 164)
- Versuchspersonen: Schüler der 8. Klasse
- Selbst-Disziplin wurde beurteilt:
  a) Selbsteinschätzung
  b) Einschätzung durch Eltern
  c) Einschätzung durch einen Lehrer
  d) Delay of Gratification
      > hypothetisch (Studie 1 und Studie 2)
      > real (Studie 2)
- 40 min. Intelligenztest (OLSAT7)
     > verbal
     > quantitativ
     > figural

 


  

Text_Link Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J.,Harrington, H., . . . Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 108 , 2693–2698

- participants: 1000 children (from Dunedin, New Zealand)
- longitutidanal design


- Even after controlling for IQ and SES (Socioeconomic Status of the family), self-control significantly predicted health, wealth and crime (at age 32).



Text_Link  Poropat ,  A.  E.  (2009).  A  meta-analysis  of  the  five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135 ,  322 – 338.

- meta-analysis of personality-academic performance relationships
- cumulative sample sizes ranged to over 70,000

results:

Poropat_meta-analysis_Big Five_academic performance_Conscientiousness




Zum Nachlesen und Vertiefen:




Schlaf und Intelligenz_Gedächtnis

mp3- Links:

Download_Audio_mp3  Research on Grit


Video- Links:

Video_Filmstreifen Kids and self-regulation: how marshmallows can determine success

Video_Filmstreifen Joachim de Posada: Don't eat the marshmallow! 

Video_Filmstreifen Self- Regulation and Kindergarten 

Video_Filmstreifen AP Annual Conference 2013: Keynote Presentation -True Grit 

Video_Filmstreifen Angela L. Duckworth: Will Power: Grit, Self-control, and Achievement

Video_Filmstreifen Manfred Spitzer: Selbstkontrolle

Video_Filmstreifen Braincast: Exekutive Funktionen

Video_Filmstreifen  Manfred Spitzer: Kontrolle üben

Video_Filmstreifen Manfred Spitzer: Emotionskontrolle


 

 

 

 

 

LiteraturLiteratur:

Text_Link Blair , C. , & Razza , R. P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Development, 78 , 647 – 663 .

Text_Link Chan AS, Sze SL, Siu NY, Lau EM, Cheung MC. (2013). A chinese mind-body exercise improves self-control of children with autism: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 10;8(7):e68184. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068184.

Text_Link Duckworth, A. L., Tsukayama, E., & Kirby, T. (in press). Is it really self-control? Examining the predictive power of the delay of gratification test. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

Text_Link Duckworth, A. L., Kim, B., & Tsukayama, E. (in press). Life stress impairs self-control in early adolescence. Frontiers in Developmental Psychology.

Text_Link Duckworth, A. L. & Kern, M. L. (2011). A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of self control measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(3), 259-268.

Text_Link Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P., Tsukayama, E. (2012). What No Child Left Behind leaves behind: The roles of IQ and self-control in predicting standardized achievement test scores and report card grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(2), 439-451.

Text_Link Duckworth, A. L. (2011). The significance of self-control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2639-40.

Text_Link Duckworth, A. L. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Self-discipline gives girls the edge: Gender differences in self-discipline, grades, and achievement test scores. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 198-208.

Text_Link Duckworth, A. L. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ predicting academic performance in adolescents. Psychological Science, 16, 939-944.

Text_Link Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF (2007) The physiology of willpower: Linking blood glucose to self-control. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 11:303–327.

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Hofmann, W., Luhmann, M., Fisher, R., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (in press). Yes, but are they happy? Effects of trait self-control on affective well-being and life satisfaction. Journal of Personality.

Text_Link Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 174-180.

Houben, K.et al.(2011) Getting a grip on drinking behavior: training working memory to reduce alcohol abuse.Psychol. Sci.22, 968–975

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McAbee ST, Oswald FL. (2013). The criterion-related validity of personality measures for predicting GPA: a meta-analytic validity competition. Psychol Assess. 2013 Jun;25(2):532-44. doi: 10.1037/a0031748. Epub 2013 Feb 11.

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Text_Link Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J.,Harrington, H., . . . Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 108 , 2693–2698

Text_Link Nederkoorn, C.et al.(2010) Control yourself or just eat what you like? Weight gain over a year is predicted by an interactive effect of response inhibition and a preference for high fat foods. Health Psychol.29, 389–393

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Ponitz ,  C.  C. ,  McClelland ,  M.  M. ,  Matthews ,  J.  S. ,  &  Morrison ,  F.  J.  ( 2009 ).  A  structured observation of behavioral self-regulation and its contribution to kindergarten outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 45 ,  605 – 619 .

Poropat , A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and
academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135 , 322 – 338.

Text_Link Pronk, T.M.et al. (2011) How can you resist?. executive control helps romantically involved individuals to stay faithful. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.100, 827–837

Richardson, M., Abraham, C., Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138,  353-387.

Text_Link Schlam, Tanya R.; Nicole L. Wilson, Yuichi Shoda, Walter Mischel, Ozlem Ayduk (2013). "Preschoolers’ delay of gratification predicts their body mass 30 years later". The Journal of Pediatrics 162: 90–93.

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Text_Link Tsukayama, E., Duckworth, A. L., & Kim, B. (2012). Resisting everything except temptation: Evidence and an explanation for domain-specific impulsivity. European Journal of Personality, 26, 318-334.

Tyler, J. M. & Burns, K. C. (2008). After depletion: The replenishment of the self’s regulatory resources. Self and Identity, 7, 305-321.

von Hippel, W. and Gonsalkorale, K. (2005) ‘That is bloody revolting!’ Inhibitory control of thoughts better left unsaid. Psychol. Sci.16, 497–500

Text_Link Zhang G, Yao L, Zhang H, Long Z, Zhao X. (2013). Improved Working Memory Performance through Self-Regulation of Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Using Real-Time fMRI. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 27;8(8):e73735. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073735.

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