Die Marshmallow-Experimente von Walter Mischel
Messen sie wirklich Selbstkontrolle?



Lange Zeit galten die berühmten "Marshmallow-Studien" von Walter Mischel als prototypische Experimente zur Messung der Selbstkontrolle. Überraschenderweise ließen sich jedoch in manchen Untersuchungen lediglich geringe Korrelationen zu anderen Maßen der Selbstkontrolle beobachten.
In den letzten Jahren wurden daher zunehmend Alternativhypothesen getestet. So könnte eine lange Wartezeit im Marshmallow-Experiment auch ein Ausdruck höherer Intelligenz oder größerem Vertrauen sein (Duckworth et al. 2012; Kidd et al. 2013).
Aber lässt sich mit diesen Forschungsansätzen auch die erstaunliche Vorhersagekraft des Marshmallow-Tests erklären?

Keywords:
Marshmallow-Test - Marshmallow-Experiment - Delay of Gratification - Belohnungsaufschub - Selbstkontrolle - Intelligenz - soziale Kompetenzen -Durchschnittsnoten - Frustrationstoleranz - prädiktive Validität - Duckworth -Replikation - Vertrauen  

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Besprochene Studien:


Prädiktive Validität der Marshmallow-Experimente:

Delay of Gratification_Studies





Text_Link Duckworth AL, Tsukayama E, Kirby TA. (2013). Is it really self-control? Examining the predictive power of the delay of gratification task. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2013 Jul;39(7):843-55. doi: 10.1177/0146167213482589. Epub 2013 Apr 12.

 




Text_Link McGuire, J.T., Kable, J.W. (2013). Rational temporal predictions can underlie apparent failures to delay gratification. Psychol Rev. 2013 Apr;120(2):395-410. doi: 10.1037/a0031910. Epub 2013 Mar 4.

- insgesamt 646 Versuchspersonen



 

Text_Link Michaelson, L., de la Vega, A., Chatham, C.H. and Munakata, Y. (2013). Delaying gratification depends on social trust. Front. Psychol. 4:355. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00355

Experiment 1 (78 Versuchspersonen)

- die Teilnehmer erhielten Beschreibungen von 3 unterschiedlichen Personen
a) Vertrauenswürdig
b) Neutral
c) Nicht Vertrauenswürdig

Dann: "Wenn dir Person A (vertrauenswürdig) 40$ jetzt oder 65$ in 70 Tagen anbieten würde, wofür würdest du dich entscheiden?"


Ergebnisse:

Delay of Gratification_social trust
Michaelson L, de la Vega A, Chatham CH and Munakata Y (2013) Delaying gratification depends on social trust. Front. Psychol. 4:355. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00355
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Experiment 2
(138 Versuchspersonen)


- drei unterschiedliche Gruppen:
a) vertrauenswürdiger Verhandlungspartner
b) neutraler Verhandlungspartner
c) wenig vertrauenswürdiger Verhandlungspartner

Diesmal waren den Beschreibungen auch Bilder beigefügt: 

Delay of Gratification_trustworthy
Michaelson L, de la Vega A, Chatham CH and Munakata Y (2013) Delaying gratification depends on social trust. Front. Psychol. 4:355. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00355
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

Ergebnisse:

Marshmellow experiment_trust
Michaelson L, de la Vega A, Chatham CH and Munakata Y (2013) Delaying gratification depends on social trust. Front. Psychol. 4:355. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00355
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.




Text_Link Kidd, C., Palmeri, H., & Aslin, R.N. (2013). Rational snacking: Young children's decision-making on the marshmallow task. Cognition, 26, 109-114.

- Versuchspersonen: 28 Kinder (Alter ca. 4-6 Jahre)
- 2 Gruppen:
a) verlässlicher Versuchsleiter
b) kein Verlass auf den Versuchsleiter ("I'm sorry, but I made a mistake...")

Ergebnisse:


 
Hier wird das Experiment der Universität Rochester vorgestellt:





Zum Nachlesen und Vertiefen:




 

 

 

 

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